An operating system (OS) is the core software that manages a computer’s hardware and software resources. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware, providing a platform for applications to run and managing essential functions. The primary function of an operating system is to make the computer system convenient and efficient to use.
Here’s a breakdown of its key functions:
* **Resource Management:** The OS manages all the computer’s resources, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices, and input/output devices. It allocates these resources to different applications and ensures they run smoothly without interfering with each other. For example, in a multitasking environment, the OS ensures that each running application gets a fair share of the CPU’s processing time.
* **Process Management:** The OS controls the execution of programs, which are referred to as processes. It handles the scheduling of these processes, starting new ones, and terminating those that are no longer needed. It also manages communication between different processes.
* **Memory Management:** The OS is responsible for allocating and deallocating memory space for programs. It keeps track of which parts of memory are being used and by whom. Techniques like virtual memory allow the OS to use disk space as an extension of RAM, enabling the system to run more applications than the physical RAM would otherwise allow.
* **File System Management:** The OS organizes and manages the computer’s files and directories. It provides a structured way to store, retrieve, and manipulate data. It also controls access permissions to files, ensuring data security.
* **Device Management:** The OS communicates with and controls the various hardware devices connected to the computer through special software called device drivers. This allows applications to interact with hardware (like printers, keyboards, and monitors) without needing to know the specific t